After struggling a setback at two Mercedes-Benz crops in Alabama on Friday, the United Car Staff union’s efforts to prepare different auto factories within the South are more likely to gradual and will wrestle to make headway.

About 56 p.c of the Mercedes employees who voted rejected the U.A.W. in an election after the union chalked up two main wins this yr. In April, employees at a Volkswagen plant in Tennessee voted to affix the union, the primary massive nonunion auto plant within the South to take action. Weeks later, the union negotiated a brand new contract bringing important pay and profit enhancements for its members at a number of North Carolina factories owned by Daimler Truck.

“Shedding at Mercedes will not be dying for the union,” stated Arthur Wheaton, director of labor research at Cornell College Faculty of Industrial and Labor Relations. “It simply means they’ll have much less confidence going to the subsequent plant. The U.A.W. is in it for the long term. I don’t assume they’re going to cease simply because they misplaced right here.”

Since its founding in 1935, the U.A.W. has virtually completely represented employees employed by the three Michigan-based automakers: Basic Motors, Ford Motor, and Chrysler, now a part of Stellantis. And it has lengthy struggled to make headway at crops owned by international producers, particularly in Southern states the place anti-union sentiment runs deep.

Staff on the Volkswagen plant had voted in opposition to being represented by the U.A.W. twice by slender margins earlier than the latest union win there. An effort a decade in the past to prepare one of many Mercedes crops didn’t construct sufficient assist for an election.

Harley Shaiken, a professor emeritus on the College of California, Berkeley, famous that broad union organizing efforts seldom proceeded easily. Within the Thirties, the U.A.W. received recognition at G.M. and Chrysler however struggled at Ford, which continued using nonunion employees for a number of years.

“I’ve little question they’ll proceed organizing and ultimately attempt for one more vote,” he stated.

In its previous efforts within the South, the union was hampered by a destructive picture, which can have additionally performed a component within the U.A.W.’s loss at Mercedes. For years, the three Michigan automakers had been reducing jobs and shutting crops, partially due to inflexible and expensive labor contracts. The union was additionally damage by corruption instances that put a number of former senior officers, together with two former U.A.W. presidents, behind bars.

Enterprise leaders in Alabama ran a marketing campaign in opposition to the U.A.W. that was primarily based partially on the rivalry that the union was accountable for the decline of Detroit. In a January opinion essay printed in The Alabama Day by day Information, the chief govt of the Enterprise Council of Alabama, Helena Duncan, stated the state would undergo the identical destiny if employees voted for the union.

“A lot of the decay that exists within the ‘Motor Metropolis’ right this moment outcomes from untenable calls for that the U.A.W. positioned on its vehicle producers, an unwise transfer that despatched untold numbers of jobs to right-to-work states like ours and crippled a as soon as nice metropolis,” Ms. Duncan wrote.

A yr in the past, the union elected a brand new president, Shawn Fain, who was untouched by the corruption scandals and vowed to take a extra aggressive method in contract talks. Then final fall, the union got here away with substantial pay and profit good points in negotiations with the Detroit automakers, after focused strikes over some 40 days. Tons of of Southern autoworkers started reaching out, asking for assist organizing their nonunion crops. The U.A.W. responded by asserting that it could spend $40 million on organizing drives over the subsequent two years.

“I’m not scared in any respect,” Mr. Fain stated Friday in Alabama after the union misplaced the Mercedes vote. “I imagine employees need unions, I imagine they need justice, and we’re going to proceed doing what we are able to do.”

Mercedes in an announcement emphasised its direct relationship with employees and stated it seemed ahead to creating certain the corporate was “not solely their employer of alternative, however a spot they’d suggest to family and friends.”

The union has signaled that it expects to focus its organizing efforts on one other Alabama plant — a Hyundai manufacturing facility in Montgomery. However organizing that plant will in all probability be even tougher than the marketing campaign on the Mercedes factories, stated Erik Gordon, a College of Michigan enterprise professor who follows the auto trade.

The U.A.W. had allies at Volkswagen and Mercedes. Unions are highly effective gamers in Germany, the place these two corporations are primarily based. Underneath German regulation, employee representatives should occupy half the seats on an organization’s supervisory board, the equal of an American board of administrators.

Volkswagen and Mercedes each have teams known as works councils by means of which managers and workers talk about and negotiate office points and manufacturing plans. In its drive on the Volkswagen plant in Chattanooga, the U.A.W. had the assist of the corporate’s works council and IG Metall, the highly effective union that represents all German automotive employees.

The U.A.W. received’t have that sort of assist at Hyundai’s Montgomery plant, Mr. Gordon stated. “Generally, Korean automotive corporations have extra adversarial relationships with unions than do the German producers,” he stated. “Korean corporations are much less used to sitting collectively in a convention room with unions.”

Final yr, weeks after the U.A.W. received pay and profit will increase from the three Michigan-based automakers, Hyundai introduced that it could enhance its employees’ pay sharply over the subsequent 4 years — a transfer extensively seen as an try to dampen employees’ curiosity in becoming a member of the U.A.W.

“The choice to be represented by a union is as much as our group members,” Hyundai stated in an announcement.

The Montgomery plant makes two fashionable sport utility automobiles — the Tucson and Santa Fe — and employs about 4,000 employees. An earlier U.A.W. drive to prepare the plant in 2016 petered out with out coming to a vote.

Final fall, the union stated it deliberate to focus on crops owned by 10 foreign-owned automakers — Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, BMW, Mercedes, Subaru, Volkswagen, Mazda and Volvo — and others owned by Tesla, which is predicated in Texas, and two smaller electrical car start-ups, Lucid and Rivian, each primarily based in California.

The U.S. crops owned by these international and U.S. corporations make use of almost 150,000 employees in 13 states, the union stated.

In Alabama, nevertheless, the U.A.W. confronted maybe a extra hostile setting than wherever else. Whereas it was campaigning at Mercedes, Gov. Kay Ivey spoke out in opposition to the union and headed a bunch of six Southern governors, all Republicans, who issued a letter suggesting unionizing may trigger automakers to maneuver jobs out of their states. One senior Alabama politician described the U.A.W. as “leeches.”

Mercedes introduced in Nick Saban, the vastly fashionable former soccer coach on the College of Alabama, to speak to employees in an effort to influence them to vote in opposition to the U.A.W.

Unions are historically seen as a Northern establishment and are sometimes linked with the civil rights motion, which alienates many individuals in Alabama, Mr. Gordon stated. “It’s a really robust place for the U.A.W.,” he stated.

That antipathy may additionally make it exhausting for the U.A.W. to barter contracts guaranteeing its members raises and different good points even when it wins unionizing votes. Lawmakers who oppose unions might put strain on employers to not make large concessions in negotiations.

Mr. Fain and the U.A.W. have argued that unions are the easiest way for employees to demand larger wages when automakers are having fun with sturdy gross sales and income in North America.

Public assist of unions is stronger than it has been in years, together with within the South. This yr, 600 employees at an electrical bus manufacturing facility in Alabama voted to affix the Communications Staff of America union. Every week in the past, they negotiated a brand new contract delivering pay raises and enhanced advantages.

The U.A.W. and different unions even have loved the assist of President Biden, who final fall joined hanging autoworkers on a picket line in Michigan. The union endorsed Mr. Biden on this yr’s election.

However that shut affiliation with the president may additionally damage the U.A.W. with conservative employees in a Southern state preferring Mr. Biden’s opponent — former President Donald J. Trump. Mr. Fain and Mr. Trump have typically criticized one another, however polls have proven that a sizable minority of union households support the former president.